Prints and Principles: May 2013

Tuesday, 21 May 2013

Repoussoir elements: Corot, van Blerk and McBurnie

What are some of the ways that artists frame their compositions using repoussoir elements (i.e. pictorial features, such as trees, cliffs, rocks and sometimes figures arranged in the foreground and usually towards the left and right sides of an image)?

There is a straightforward reason why artists use repoussoir elements in their compositions: they are very effective in creating the illusion of spatial depth. But there is more to the use of these elements than creating such an illusion. The following discussion addresses some of the ways that artists employ repoussoir elements and how these different applications can project equally different meanings.

For artists like Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot (1796–1875), for instance, their use of repoussoir elements typifies the approach of many romantic artists: the arrangement of trees in the foreground to frame a vista, as shown in Corot’s etchings, Campagne Boisée [Wooded Countryside], Souvenir d’Italie [Remembrance of Italy] and Environs de Rome [Neighbourhood of Rome](all shown below). Beyond helping to represent spatial depth, this arrangement presents what I have described in the earlier post, From “Liber Veritatis” to “Liber Studiorum” (Part 3), as the “primordial hunter’s vision.” Essentially this is a tunnel-like view of a distant feature in the manner that a hunter’s vision of a potential meal in the distance would be focused on it and virtually nothing else. In Corot’s prints shown below, this presentation of a fixated tunnel-vision is the outcome of the dark massing of trees on the left and right sides of each image—the repoussoir elements. This effect creates a U-shaped aperture that invites a viewer to contemplate the distant vista without the necessity to study what is featured in the immediate foreground.

Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot (1796–1875)

Campagne Boisée [Wooded Countryside], 1866

etching on Pannekoek Holland wove paper as published in Frédéric Henriet’s Le Paysagiste aux champs, croquis d’après nature, 1866

10 x 13.1 cm (image); 10.5 x 13.7 (plate); 41.3 x 30.8 cm

state ii (?) (of iv) I assume that this is a pre-lettering trial proof impression for the Henriet’s publication. In the third state there are 25 impressions on Holland paper with the lettering below the image: “Corot inv. et sc.” (lower left) and “Imp. Delâtre, Paris” (lower right).

Melot C.8; Robaut 3131

Condition: This is a very rare print. Far from the image there are handling marks (slight nicks to the edges and the bottom-right corner of the sheet has fold marks), a very strong central fold, humidity (?) staining to the far-right edge and general dustiness. I am selling this print for $1060 AUD including postage and handling to anywhere in the world. Please contact me using the email link at the top of the page if you are interested or click the “Buy Now” button below.

Detail of Campagne Boisée

Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot (1796–1875)

Souvenir d’Italie [Remembrance of Italy], c.1863

Etching, chine appliqué on laid paper with unicorn watermark

state i (of iii) rare pre-lettering proof

29.6 x 22.2 cm (image); 32 x 24 cm (plate); 40.2 x 30 (sheet)

Melot C.5; Robaut 3126

Condition: very rare, superb impression with fine lines showing in the lower areas of the sky that are not very evident in the reproduction of this first impression print in Melot’s Graphic Art of the Pre-Impressionists. There is irradiation toning from the print having been window mounted and there are two small mounting tabs verso otherwise in near pristine condition.

I am selling this print for $3400 AUD including postage and handling to anywhere in the world. Please contact me using the email link at the top of the page if you are interested or click the “Buy Now” button below.

Detail of Souvenir d’Italie

Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot (1796–1875)

Environs de Rome [Neighbourhood of Rome], 1866

Etching on Holland laid paper

state ii (of iii)

Melot in Graphic Art of the Pre-Impressionists notes that according to Billy-Herzberg (1874) the edition was divided into two printings: “The first on Holland paper with the backgrounds very visible, the second generally printed on China paper appliqué, the backgrounds worn away.” This is impression is from the Holland paper edition. The impression may also be a rare trial proof, as the text line inscribed below the image does not show the number “211” described by Melot for the Société des Aquafortistes.

28.8 x 21.2 cm (image); 31.6 x 23.8 cm (plate); 49 x30 (sheet)

Inscribed below the image: “Corot sculp.” (lower left); “ENVIRONS DE ROME/Paris Publié par CADART & Luquet. Editeurs, 79, Rue Richelieu.” (lower centre); “Imp. Delâtre. Rue St. Jacques, 303, Paris.” (lower right)

Melot C.6; Robaut 3128

Condition: superb, richly inked impression. The front of the print shows irradiation toning from the print having been window mounted and there is a fine brown line near the bottom of the sheet (10.4 cm from the image). The back of the print has paper mounting tabs and there is a collector’s monogram stamp featuring the letters “GP” inscribed in a circle.

This print has been sold

Detail of Environs de Rome

Underpinning the invitation posed by the repoussoir trees to look “into” the distance is the visual code of many compositions prior to the twentieth century; namely, the centre-of-interest is shown in sunlight (e.g. the cathedrals in Souvenir d’Italie and Environs de Rome) so as to give comfort to, and reflect the social niceties of, cultured viewers who prefer a spiritually uplifting view of the world around them. By this I mean that the view framed by repoussoir trees is not a view to emptiness but rather it is carefully orchestrated to connote meaning.

This additional meaning may seem insignificant until contemplating the watercolours of indigenous Central Australian artists of the Hemannsburg School, such as those by Albert Namatjira (1902–1959); see for example, Namatjira’s watercolour, Glen Helen (http://img.aasd.com.au/27591700.jpg; http://www.aasd.com.au/subscribers/list_all_works.cfm?concat=namatjiraalber&order=0&start=311&show=10 [viewed 14 May 2013). With these watercolourists, the use of repoussoir trees may frame landscape vistas but the framed vistas seldom feature a clear point of focus in terms of traditional European centres-of-interest, such as man-made or naturally occurring phenomenological oddities. Nevertheless, there may be room to argue that while there may not be a conspicuous point of interest in most of the Hemannsburg paintings at the time of Namatjira there is a broad focus on the spread of mountain ranges—the soul of the landscape. (For an insightful account of the difference in viewpoints between the Hemannsburg and European artists see: Hardy, Jane et al. [eds] 1992, The Heritage of Namatjira: The Watercolourists of Central Australia, William Heinemann Australia, Port Melbourne.) Arguably, this use of repoussoir elements to frame non-specific features in landscape may be extended to even contemporary uses of repoussoir elements in Australian landscape imagery as may be seen in Ray Crooke’s (1922- ) painting, Ant Hill Country, Laura, c.1969 (http://artsearch.nga.gov.au/Detail.cfm?IRN=139646 [viewed 19.5.2013]) After all, George Seddon (1997) in Landsprints: Reflections on Place and Landscape makes the interesting comment that “Australian landscapes are seamless. They rarely compose so neatly into identifiable ‘scenes’” (p. 138).

Before discussing other ways that artists use repoussoir elements, I need to draw attention to a subtle transition in mindset that often underpins the way romantic artists employ this device: the transition from temporal concerns (i.e. the everyday “here-and-now” interests of the present moment) in the foreground to transcendent feelings (i.e. spiritual elevation where time is irrelevant) in the distance. From my reading of this transition, the notion of temporality is expressed by emphatic marks handled in a broad and gestural manner to suggest a peripheral glimpse of the immediate surroundings at the station position of the artist. This treatment is often augmented by the use of figures engaged in everyday activities as may be seen in the figure sitting contemplatively in the shadows of Campagne Boisée and Souvenir d’Italie (see details above). Such incidental figures, termed “staffage,” provide the context in which the foreground is subliminally interpreted as part of the present moment. The notion of transcendent feelings in the distance is connoted by marks that, by contrast with those in the foreground, are fine, separated from each other and laid with a vertical and horizontal directional bias (see details above of the distant buildings).

Use of reproussoir elements to create distinct spatial zones catering for the propensities of different mindsets is not restricted to landscape imagery. For example, Daniel van Blerk’s digital image, Do or Die (shown below), contextualises the viewer behind a glass plane fractured with two holes—perhaps the punctured surface of a drawing tablet—on the other side of which a stylus-toting youth is inscribing in dripping blood-red colour upon the glass “Do or Die.” These holes and their radiating web of cracks, along with the written line of text, are repoussoir elements separating two spatial realms in the image: the realm of the viewer who is cast as a passive observer behind the glass and the realm of the portrayed figure with the stylus on the other side of the glass. Clearly the contextual use of the repoussoir elements in this image is not designed to provide spiritual uplift. Instead these visual devices provide a context to engage the viewer with reflexive confrontation. By this I mean that the figure is both staring at the viewer in an emotionally disengaged way and virtually writing on the viewer’s left eye—albeit, safely behind a screen of glass.

Daniel van Blerk

Do or Die, 2013

Digital image

The notion that repoussoir elements can contextualise a viewer’s space is interesting for me. Moreover, as an artist from the tropics in Australia who spends a large part of time contemplating the work of his peers, the idea that such elements can connote meanings associated with where a subject is viewed is not far fetched at all. For instance, when I compare Corot’s romantically beautiful and very French etching, L’Etang, appropriately published in a book of poems (shown below), with Ron McBurnie’s equally romantic etching, Winter Light (also shown below) I am struck by an essential difference in the use of repoussoir in the arrangement of trees. In Corot’s print the viewpoint to the scene portrayed is from a sunny position with the repoussoir trees on the left contextualising the viewer in a position warmed by the sun. By contrast, the repoussoir overhanging tree in McBurnie’s print contextualises the viewer in shadow, as this is an essential standpoint for North Queenlanders accustomed to contemplating the world from a shadowy nook because the tropical sun’s heat is so fierce. In short, there is a good argument summed up in Noel Coward’s 1932 song, Mad Dogs and Englishmen (see video further below) regarding cultural leanings influencing where different viewers prefer to stand:

"Mad Dogs & Englishmen

Go out in the midday sun.

The Japanese don't care to,

The Chinese wouldn't dare to,

Hindus and Argentines

Sleep firmly from twelve to one,

But Englishmen

Detest a Siesta.

In the Philippines

They have lovely screens

To protect you from the glare.

In the Malay states

There are hats like plates

Which the Britishers won't wear.

At twelve noon

The natives swoon,

And no further work is done,

But mad dogs and Englishmen

Go out in the midday sun!” (Noel Coward, 1932)

Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot (1796–1875)

Ville d’Avray [Boatman on Pond (Evening Effect)], 1862

from Poésies, 1863 (a posthumous edition of Edmond Roche’s poems). According to Melot, the edition “includes poems dedicated to various artists, among them one ‘A M. C. Corot’ dated from Ville d’Avray, which begins (p. 99): Nous regardions l’étang d’une eau morne et plombée: (We were gazing at the pond with its bleak and leaden water), and ends: ‘Cette idylle à nos yeux peut encor reparaître/ Si vous le voulez bien: N’êtes-vous pas le Maître/ Qui l’avez recréée après le Créateur?’ (This idyll can appear once more before our eyes/ Should you so wish: Are you not the Master/ Who has created it again after the Creator?)” (Melot, p. 258).

Etching and drypoint

7.2 x 12.3 cm (image); 8 x 13 (plate); 10.8 x 17.4 cm (sheet)

state iii (of iii)

Melot C.3; Robaut 3125

Condition: strong impression and rare to find one intact in the first edition book of poems, Poésie, by Roche with its tissue guards as, according to Melot, the edition was only “about 200.” The book is in good condition with minor signs of handling to the cover and light foxing to some pages (mainly the tissue guards). I am selling this book with Corot’s print and four other etchings by de Bar, Herst, Michelin and Grenaud for $1260 AUD including postage and handling to anywhere in the world. Please contact me using the email link at the top of the page if you are interested or click the “Buy Now” button below.

Ron McBurnie (1957– )

Winter Light, 2011

Hard ground etching

Edition: 30

59 x 89.5 cm (plate); 76.2 x 111.4 cm (sheet)

This print has been sold

Detail of Winter Light

Ron Mc Burnie discussing the repoussoir effect in Winter Light

Noel Coward: Mad Dogs and Englishmen, 1932

Tuesday, 7 May 2013

Vignette formats: Abraham & Girard

What are some of the different ways that artists use the vignette format (i.e. an image that has a pictorially dissolved framing edge)?

At the moment I am contemplating a portrait of a young man, shown below, by a Japanese artist whose name is sadly unknown to me. In one sense this delicately handled ink painting exemplifies the most common use of the vignette format (i.e. a pictorially dissolved framing edge); namely, to draw attention away from less significant details in the composition and to focus attention on the critical feature—here, the young man’s face.

Anonymous Japanese artist
[Portrait of a Young Man], date unknown

(upper left) view of the whole scroll

(upper right) detail

(lower) view of rolled scroll

161 x 56.5 cm (scroll); 105.5 x 42.5 cm (image)

brush and ink on silk

Condition: good condition with minor signs of handling.

I am selling this hand-painted scroll for $256 AUD including postage and handling to anywhere in the world. Please contact me using the email link at the top of the page if you are interested or click the “Buy Now” button below.

Detail of Portrait of a Young Man

Looking at the vignette treatment in this painting from a slightly different mindset, the pictorial softening of the portrait’s peripheral boundaries also exemplifies a seldom discussed, but nevertheless significant and often occurring perceptual conundrum: the vignette format creates a spatial disjunction between the image and its viewer. By this, I mean that the spatial realm depicted in the image (i.e. the three-dimensional space in which the young man is portrayed) is divorced from the spatial realm occupied by the viewer. From my experience of looking at this painting, for instance, I see the portrait as alternating between visually hovering above the painting support and appearing to sink into the support as if the raw silk were cloudy mist.

This phenomenon of spatial disjunction created by the vignette format is less likely to arise if the portrait were formatted without the vignette treatment. To demonstrate the difference, compare the above portrait with a similar ink painting, Portrait of Chikuin, shown below (again by an artist that is unknown to me but if anyone can help I will be very thankful) composed without a vignette treatment. From a personal viewpoint, the latter portrait presents the figure in an open field of space. My eyes see this open space as an extension of the space that I occupy even though in pragmatic terms the blank space in the painting is clearly not the same as the space surrounding me.

Anonymous Japanese artist

(If there is anyone that can help me identify the artist I will be very grateful.)

Portrait of Chikuin, date unknown

(upper left) view of the whole scroll

(upper right) detail

(centre) view of rolled scroll in original tomobako (signed storage box)

(lower centre) recto view of the tomobako lid

(bottom centre) verso view of the tomobako lid

162.5 x 47.5 cm (scroll); 88.5 x 355 cm (image)

brush and coloured ink on silk

Condition: good condition. There are moth(?) holes hidden from view on the underside of the top support and minor signs of handling. The tomobako is missing an internal scroll support and there is damage to both ends of the box.

I am selling this hand-painted scroll with its original box for $260 AUD including postage and handling to anywhere in the world. Please contact me using the email link at the top of the page if you are interested or click the “Buy Now” button below.

Detail of Portrait of Chikuin

The perception of spatial disjunction arising from the vignette format is even more apparent when the background beyond the image is black. In Jake Abraham’s digital image of a rifle (shown below), for example, the transition to black on the left and right sides of the image not only draws attention to the filigree metalwork on the rifle’s firing mechanism, but the transition perceptually suspends (i.e. “floats”) the image in a spatial void. Going further, this particular vignette treatment also creates the effect of optically bending the gun so that its middle section appears to be gently bowed towards the viewer for one moment and then bowed away from the viewer in the next instant.

Jake Abraham

Still-Life, Rifle, 2013

Digital image

This curious phenomenon of seeing the gun as suspended and flexing forward and back with each glance is different when the image dissolves into a light-toned background as shown below where the original tones and colours are inverted (i.e. the original image is turned into a negative). To my eyes the light-toned background presents the gun in a shallower space. Moreover, the middle section of the gun now appears to bow only towards me rather than the involuntary illusion of flexing forward and then backward as is the case with the black background.

Digital inversion of Abraham’s Still-Life, Rifle

A plausible explanation for this phenomenon rests with the principle of tonal perspective: features in a composition that are dark tend to advance towards the viewer whereas those that are light tend to recede away from the viewer. In the original image of the gun this means that the dark tones at the peripheral edges appear to advance and, as a consequence, visually bend the sides forward. By contrast, the light area at the centre of the gun recedes and, as a consequence, visually bends the gun backward. In the next glance, however, the eye is attracted to the dark shadows of the filigree at the gun’s middle and, upon seeing these dark accents, the middle area of the gun is perceived to advance and this optical illusion bends the gun towards the viewer. With regard to the digitally inverted image, its centre is darker than the edges and consequently the gun flexes in only one direction: towards the viewer.

For many digital artists the way to achieve focal transitions from sharp focus at the centre of a vignette to blur at its outer boundaries is to use stock blending tools; for example, Photoshop’s Smudge, Blur and Gradient settings. Although these tools enable the digital artist to create amazingly subtle transitions of focal clarity, they are not designed to employ line to render changes of focal resolution in the way that analogue artists are accustomed (see for instance the earlier post, Dotted Lozenge). This in itself is not a problem. After all, each generation has fresh ways of doing things. What can be lost when using these tools—but does not have to be—is the notion portraying the transition from in-focus to out-of-focus through a progression of critical stages.

To illustrate what I mean, consider Alexis François Girard’s (1787–1870) Manière de crayon [Crayon manner] line engraving shown below, Here, two faces of a mother(?) and her child are rendered in sharp focus as these twin portraits are the centre of the vignette (see first and second detail below). The next stage in the transition is the lighter toned and slightly less focally resolved (i.e. faded) rendering of the child’s outstretched hands on the left side of the print matched on the right side with equivalently pale rendering of the child’s hair (see third and fourth detail below). The third and final stage—and for me the most fascinating—is the much coarser treatment of a fringed section of cloth that is wind(?) ruffled and overlapping the back of the child’s head (see fifth detail below). For me, the faux crayon marks portraying the cloth not only connote a final phase in a transition of focus, but they also create a foreground of out-of-focus details. If I may push my reading of the transition even further, the coarse crayon-manner of these marks frames in three-dimensions a spherical field of space of diminished focal acuity surrounding the two faces that lie in sharp focus at its centre. Of course, such a vision may not be shared by all viewers. Nevertheless, the point I wish to make is that a focal transition using line may be malleable enough to represent what may be very difficult spatial concept to illustrate using digital blending tools alone.

Alexis Francois Girard (1787–1870)

4ème Etude tirée du tableau de l'Entrée de Henri lV dans Paris, peint par F. Gérard

Manière de crayon [Crayon manner] engraving on wove paper

52 x 69 cm (sheet) 47.7 x 56.2 cm (plate)

Condition: superb impression with some foxing and signs of light handling. There are two remnants of archival tape from prior mounting on the back.

I am selling this engraving for $168 AUD including postage and handling to anywhere in the world. This is a large print and will be shipped rolled in a tube. Please contact me using the email link at the top of the page if you are interested or click the “Buy Now” button below.

Detail of Girard’s 4ème Etude [Fourth Study]

In the next post I will discuss another useful principle to enhance the formatting of images: repoussoir devices.

Gallery of prints for sale

Tuesday, 21 May 2013

Repoussoir elements: Corot, van Blerk and McBurnie

Tuesday, 7 May 2013

Vignette formats: Abraham & Girard