There is a long history of trees symbolising attributes such as strength, resilience and the essence of nature, but how have trees been used metaphorically in images (i.e. used pictorially to “explain” ideas)?
For this final discussion about artists’ use of trees to communicate ideas I wish to focus on the curiously enigmatic meanings of trees often featured in early emblem prints, such as Otto van Veen’s (c.1556–1629) Bene qui latuit bene vixit (shown below). Rather than attempting to interpret a specific meaning for the artists’ use of trees in these prints, all the signifying elements need to be read in relation to one another along with meanings that may be projected by the title.
For instance, the title of van Veen’s print is Ovid’s well-know adage from Tristitia: “He who has kept himself well hidden has lived well.” In the time of van Veen, however, it had been embodied by John Owen (1612) to: "Si bene qui latuit, bene vixit, tu bene vivis: Ingeniumque tuum grande latendo patet." ["Thou livest well if one well hid well lives, and thy great genius in being concealed is revealed"] (see William T. Smedley’s [1912] The Mystery of Francis Bacon:
https://archive.org/stream/mysteryoffrancis00smed/mysteryoffrancis00smed_djvu.txt [viewed 15 April 2014]). When the meaning of this text is understood in this context, van Veen’s use of trees and other featured symbols can be synthesised into a full visual metaphor that explains the important moral lesson—in my words: if you live your life without attracting attention to yourself you will experience a good life and your efforts will be recognised. In terms of the portrayed trees on the upper-right of the image, I perceive that the meaning of the text is captured metaphorically by the broken tree concealed within the grove that the broken tree lives on even though a part of it is dead: the moral themes of vanitas and memento mori reminding the view of the inevitability of death (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanitas and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memento_mori [viewed 15 April 2014]). Essentially, van Veen’s use of trees should not be viewed out of context with the other portrayed features in the print or the meaning will be lost and the depicted trees will be nothing more than trees in a scene.
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Otto van Veen (also known as Otto Venius or Octavius Vaenius) (c.1556–1629)
Bene qui latuit bene vixit, 1683 Published (1683) in Zinnebeelden uit Horatius Flaccus [Emblems of Horatius Flaccus], pp. 91–2. Engraving on fine wove paper with 2.4 cm chainlines
(leaf) 18 x 15 cm; (plate) 12.2 x 9.5 cm
See this book online and download it from archive.org:
https://ia600408.us.archive.org/20/items/zinnebeelden00veen/zinnebeelden00veen.pdf (viewed 16 April 2014)
Condition: Strong and well-inked impression on whole leaf printed on both sides with minor signs of use and toning appropriate to the age of the print (1683).
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The origin of what are termed “emblem prints” lies with the early alchemists and their quest for the legendary Philosopher’s Stone—an agent that could turn lead and other base metals (i.e. those that oxidise/corrode like iron and copper) into gold or silver, as well as being an elixir of life. According to Stanislas Klossowski de Rola (1988) in his fascinating book, The Golden Game: Alchemical Engravings of the Seventeenth Century, the alchemists revered Egypt as they believed that in Egypt “the gods revealed their wisdom in visions to the ancient sages, who consigned it to the mysterious pictures which they called hieroglyphs—sacred signs” (p. 8). De Rola explains that the ancient Greeks had the misconception that “hieroglyphs bore no relation to ordinary language but were the pictorial and allegorical expression of sacred knowledge” (p. 9). This misconception is of pivotal importance in the development of emblem prints as outlined succinctly in the Emblem Books webpage, http://www.netnik.com/emblemata/ (viewed 3 April 2014):
In 1419, a monk discovered a manuscript from the fifth century known as the "Hieroglyphica" of Horus Apollo or Horapollo on the Greek island of Andros Florence
To illustrate the impact that the discovered manuscript had upon image and text during the Renaissance, de Rola offers the following enlightening insight by Marsilio Ficino (1433–99):
Our way of thinking about ‘time’ is complex and shifting. For example, ‘time goes quickly’, ‘time revolves and ends up where it began’, ‘time teaches prudence’, ‘time gives and takes away’. This whole range of thought was comprehended in a single firm figure by the Egyptians when they drew a winged serpent with its tail in its mouth. (de Rola 1988, p. 9)
In short, the concept of emblematic images with its roots in ancient Egyptian prototypes perceived to underpin the text, Hieroglyphica, gave artists an approach to crystallise complex and multilayered ideas into a visual language of a single motif or related motifs that informed viewers could read (i.e. those who had a lexicon of explanations for the motifs used).
From a contentious twenty-first century standpoint, the flourishing of emblem books and prints was driven by the shameful desire by collectors for texts and images that would set the learned few who were able to decipher esoteric information apart from those who did not possess “secret knowledge” and “ancient wisdom.” By this I mean that the emblem images were fashioned to appeal to the intellectual elite. Of course, in today’s world where explanations of symbols and forums to share information are just a mouse click away, there is no room for intellectual snobbery. Consequently, now these intriguing prints and their metaphorical meanings are accessible to everyone. Of course, mystery still surrounds the meanings of many emblem prints and even the vast resources of the internet cannot explain the often strange images with comical titles—from a contemporary viewpoint—such as the following by Albert Flamen (1620–1674/93) (extracted from The Illustrated Bartsch, Volume 6: Commentary [1986]):
- Caterpillars Dropping on Man Under Tree (Bartsch 0608.418; p. 361);
- Man Attacked by Ball-Shaped Animal (Bartsch 0608.415; p. 360);
- Man Surprised by Cone-Shaped Meteor (Bartsch 0608.417; p. 361);
- Man Astride a Seal in the Sea (Bartsch 0608.413; p. 360);
- Man Offers Precious Stone to a Serpent (Bartsch 0608.416; p. 360);
- Two Figures Asleep in Moonlight with Swarming Bees (Bartsch 0608.426; p. 363).
Like all good illustrations designed to communicate an idea, emblem prints capture, in the sense of “freeze framing,” a pivotal point in a narrative or line of thought. Sometimes the choice of this pivotal point may be so important that it even becomes an element in a game, as is the case with the large composite print by Henri Abraham Chatelain (1684–1743), Carte Pour a l’ Intelligence De La Fable et Servir De Secours a la Connoissance de l’ Histoire (shown below). In this print, the pivotal point in Ovid’s allegories are pictorially captured in image cells used as memory aids for recalling the myths in the context of a test; a type of print known as a “catchpenny-print.” For example, the myth of Apollo and Daphne is crystallised at the moment of Daphne’s metamorphosis into a tree to escape the ardent pursuit of love-struck Apollo (see detail further below and for an account of the myth: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_and_Daphne [viewed 23 April 2014]).
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Henri Abraham Chatelain (1684–1743)
Carte Pour a l’ Intelligence De La Fable et Servir De Secours a la Connoissance de l’ Histoire, 1722
Published in the encyclopaedic seven volume 'Atlas Historique'. Koeman II p. 33; Shirley 'Atlases in the BL' T.Chat-1a; Van Waning 'Chatelain's Atlas Historique' in IMCoS Journal 120 pp. 7-15. (see http://bookbase.com/antiquemap/only/caburden/search/result?submit=Open+Page&page=20&dealerId=1010&upStart=0&upEnd=9223372036854775807&length=20 and http://www.maphist.com/artman/publish/article_187.shtml [viewed 16 April 2014])
Engraving on laid paper with 2.8 cm chainlines
(sheet) 51.3 x 60.5 cm; (plate) 59.8 x 49.5 cm
See description of this print at:
http://ovid.lib.virginia.edu/mythcards.html and view details of each of the emblems by either clicking the directional figures or the page tabs: http://ovid.lib.virginia.edu/cpc/0001.html [viewed 16 April 2014]).
Condition: Excellent impression of this rare and large print with its margins as published. The sheet is in fair condition with backed-up holes and losses (i.e. imperfections have been restored). I am selling this engraving for a total cost (including shipping to anywhere in the world) of $142 AUD. As the print is a large size it will be rolled in a tube for shipping. Please contact me using the email link at the top of the page if you have any questions or click the “Buy Now” button below.
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This principle of choosing a
pivotal point in a narrative or line of thought is all about synthesising
critical information in a timeless moment rather than a split-second temporal
moment. Or, to express this from a different perspective, like all the
principles underpinning emblem prints, the key aim is to present essential
visual information in a formal way wherein notions of time are inconsequential
and the calculated juxtaposition of symbols and motifs alone project meaning.
Regarding three other principles
underpinning emblem prints—viz. visual dialogue, spatial flattening and foregrounding
of imagery—I wish to explain them with reference to some of the emblem prints
taken from Jacob Cats’ (1577–1660) famous book, Alle de Wercken van den heere Jacob Cats … [Complete Works of Jacob
Cats] illustrated by Adriaen van der Venne (1589–1662). (To view this book
online or to download a pdf copy of it, see archive.org: https://archive.org/details/alledewerckensoo00cats [viewed 23 April 2014].)
A fine illustration of the principle,
visual dialogue—a principle discussed in the earlier post, 3 Key Principles: Goltzius & Piranesi (http://www.printsandprinciples.com/2012/05/goltzius-piranesi-3-key-principles.html)—can be seen in van der Venne’s engraving,
Vrouwe (shown below), printed in a
leaf from Cat’s Alle de Wercken van den
heere Jacob Cats … . The visual dialogue here is between a tree trunk with
a grafted section of another tree and a married couple approaching the grafted
tree.
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Jacob Cats (1577–1660) (known with respect and affection as “Father Cats”)
Designed/Engraved by Adriaen van der Venne (1589–1662)
Vrouwe [Lady] An emblem print comparing a married couple to a grafted tree.
From Alle de Wercken van den heere Jacob Cats … [Complete Works of Jacob Cats] for full title see http://www.cyclopaedia.org/1726cats/1726cats.html, 1655
This engraved leaf is from the 1659 edition.
Engraving on full sheet of laid paper (2.8 cm chainlines) printed on both sides as published.
(sheet) 45.5 x 29.3 cm; (plate) 13.4 x 13.2 cm
Condition: Superb impression of this early print
with its margins as published in near pristine condition. The sheet has
wrinkling from the printing process and there is faint age toning at the
extreme edges.
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When viewed in the context of an
emblem print, the relationship between the grafted tree and the approaching
couple may be read as a simple comparison between a symbiotic union of two
trees grafted together with the similar union of a couple in love. As with most
emblem prints, of course, the imagery may be read with more profound meanings
such as proposed by the website, The Prints
Collector (http://www.theprintscollector.com/):
This plate
shows a married couple and a young tree inoculated on an old stem strengthened
from the wind by a branch attached to it. The meaning of this emblem is that
marriage creates the bond to make man and wife stronger. (http://www.theprintscollector.com/Article/Antique-Satire-Print-TREE-COUPLE-INOCULATION-Cats-1655 [viewed 23 April 2014])
Going further with additional
readings, I see the “old stem” as the masculine element in the grafted trees
and that it supports the well-foliaged “branch” which is the female element in
the union. My perception of gender roles is not arbitrary. Instead it is the
result of seeing the man on the left side of the lady and finding visual
correspondence with the “old stem” on the left side of the “branch.” This
reading also has cultural resonance as the arrangement matches the Western
tradition of showing men on the left of women, such as shown in Albrecht
Dürer’s Adam and Eve (see http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Adam_Eva,_Durer,_1504.jpg) and Jan van Eyck’s Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and his Wife
(see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Van_Eyck_-_Arnolfini_Portrait.jpg).
To
illustrate the principle of spatial flattening (i.e. pictorially squashing the
illusion of space in an image so that there is little depth), the engraving, Repete (shown below), displays Adriaen
van der Venne’s treatment very well. Certainly the illusion of shallow space is
helped by the simplicity of his compositional arrangement: a woodpecker perched
in a tree with a view of open sky beyond. On close inspection of his way of
rendering the foliage as shown in the detail further below, van der Venne
employs a play of deep shadows and highlights to present the leaves as if they
were in the shallow space of a bas relief. Note also that the tree limbs share
in this compression in the sense that none of the limbs advance or
recede in a fully three-dimensional way.
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Jacob Cats (1577–1660)
Designed by
Adriaen van der Venne (1589–1662)
Engraved
by Jan Gerrits Swelinck (1601–1699)
Repete [Repeat (?)]. This emblem print references proverbs such
as “
Gheen boom en wast op eenen dagh,
Gheen boom en valt ten eersten slagh.
[No tree falls at one blow, we say,
Nor city was built in one day.]
From Proteus, 1618 and Sinne- en minnebeelden, 1627 (see
text from this page: http://emblems.let.uu.nl/catsretorica/html/c162707.html [viewed 24 April 2014]) and Alle de Wercken van den heere Jacob Cats
… [Complete Works of Jacob Cats], 1655,
This engraved leaf is from the 1659
edition. Note that in some editions the plate has been is cut in reverse (i.e.
the image is mirrored).
Engraving on full sheet of laid
paper (2.8 cm chainlines) printed on both sides as published
(sheet) 45.6 x 28.8 cm; (plate) 12.6 x 12.6 cm
Below the
print, the following text is written in Dutch (see English translation further
below):
Soo haest ick my bevont in Venus net ghevanghen,
Seyd’ ick het Rosemont. Waer toe veel kromme gangen? En siet! My docht terstont de vryster was ghereet; Maer op soo mallen waen ontfingh ick dit bescheet: De Specht, het grillich dier, die pickt in alle boomen, Maer wat de geck begint, ten zijn maer rechte droomen; Hy meynt, daer is een gat: maer t’hout is al te dick: O vrient, een eyken boom vereyst al harder pick.
[No sooner was dame Venus yoke about my neck but I
Did grapple with my love forthwith: what need I then to lye. I thought, that at that instant shee for mee had bene preparde; But ere I went from her, I gott this lesson to regarde, The Spitt pickt at the Oaken tree, but saw it no whit mooved. Yet neverthelesse shee stood and gaept and never once more prooved, But thought sh'had pickt it through, no foole, I say doe not mistake For one pick by a folish byrde in th'Oake no hole can make.]
Condition: Superb impression of
this early print with its margins as published in near pristine condition. The
sheet has wrinkling from the printing process and there is faint age toning at
the extreme edges.
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The principle of flattening the illusion of space
is linked closely to the third principle that I wish to discuss: foregrounding
of imagery. I mention this in the sense that by compressing the key features of
an emblem print within the shallow confines of the foreground, a viewer’s
attention is focused on the relationships between the critical features. In the
engraving, Sufficit Una (shown
below), for example, a viewer would have difficulty in ignoring the activity on
the left-side of the image involving a cloud-borne hand slicing into a tree
with a grafting knife. After this visually arresting initial reading, however,
a viewer is then able to freely contemplate the distant landscape features on
the right side of the image. This arrangement of foregrounding the key features
gives emblem prints visual impact for their didactic role; namely, a web of
symbols designed to communicate moral truths, virtues and wisdom.
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Jacob Cats
(1577–1660)
Designed/Engraved by Adriaen van der Venne (1589–1662)
Sufficit Una [One Suffices]. This emblem print references proverbs such as “Enough is as good
as a feast”.
From Emblemata Moralia et Oeconomica [Moral
and Domestic Emblems], 1627, in Alle de
Wercken van den heere Jacob Cats … [Complete Works of Jacob Cats], 1655, p.
152 (https://archive.org/details/alledewerckensoo00cats [viewed 23 April 2014]).
This engraved leaf is from the 1659
edition.
Engraving on full sheet of laid
paper (2.8 cm chainlines) printed on both sides as published
(sheet) 45.8 x 28.8 cm; (plate) 12.5
x 12.7 cm
Condition: Superb impression of
this early print with its margins as published in near pristine condition. The
sheet has wrinkling from the printing process and there is faint age toning at
the extreme edges. There is also a small dark dot imperfection in the paper to
the left of the image and the left and right edges of the sheet have
irregularities: the lower-left corner is missing and the right edge has been
trimmed unevenly.
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Although
many of the early emblem prints and books were designed to appeal to an
audience of the privileged few who were able to decipher meanings from esoteric
symbols, this was not the case with Jacob Cats. He earned his affectionate
title of “Father Cats” because his books were accessible in terms of being
decipherable to general readers of the time and because the images in his books
were engaging to look at and projected meaningful content that we now call
euphemistically: home truths. In fact, the impact of Cats’ emblem books was so profound
in the Netherlands that Marijke Spies (1999) in Rhetoric, Rhetoricians and Poets: Studies in Renaissance Poetry and
Poetics proposes that with regard to Cats “in his endless verses [that] propagated
the characteristics, virtues, and duties of the Dutch burgher housewife … No
books, apart from the Bible, were so widely read—and listened to when read—as
his” (Spies 1999, p. 120).
